Title: Physiology 2130 / Module 12: Acid/Base Balance

Q: Change in concentrations of [...] will affect the activity of almost every cell.
A: H+
Extra: H+ alters shapes of proteins which can change reaction speed.

Q: The hydrogen ion is aka a [...].
A: proton
Extra: Since it doesn't have an electron, only a proton.

Q: An [...] is any molecule that will release an H+ ion
A: acid

Q: A [...] is any molecule that will accept an H+ ion
A: base

Q: [...] dissociate rapidly and release large amounts of H+ in a solution (ie. HCl).
A: Strong acids

Q: [...] is the most imporant base in the body.
A: HCO3-

Q: Less [...] decreases the acidity of a solution, making it [...].
A: free H+; alkaline

Q: The [...] quantifies the concentration of H+ in any solution.
A: pH scale

Q: The [...] free H+, the [...] the pH and vice versa.
A: more; lower

Q: Normal pH of body fluids is between [...] (venous blood) and [...] (arterial blood). The average pH is [...].
A: 7.35; 7.45; 7.4

Q: [...] is when body fluids have a pH below 7.4
[...] is when pH is above 7.4.
A: Acidosis; Alkalosis

Q: pH of below 6.8 or above 7.8 for too long can lead to [...].
A: death
Extra: ph < 6.8 or pH >7.8 = DEATH

Q: Types of Acids in the Body:
1. [...] can be converted into gaseous form and removed by the lungs (carbonic acid).
2. [...] cannot be removed by the lungs and are usually from the metabolic breakdown of proteins (sulphuric acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid).
A: Volatile Acids; Nonvolatile Acids

Q: Mechanisms that Regulate H+ Concentrations:
1. [...] - do not alter pH or remove any H+, just stabilize pH.
2. [...] - volatile acids.
3. [...] - nonvolatile acids.
A: Buffers; Respiratory System; Kidneys

Q: Biocarbonate ions and hemoglobin are examples of [...].
A: buffers
Extra: HCO3- is an extracellular buffer (blood plasma or interstital fluid).
Hb and phosphates are intracellular buffers (so in the cell).

Q: Hemoglobin can bind to CO2 to reduce [...].
A: potential acidity

Q: Central and peripheral chemoreceptors will trigger an [...] in ventilation to remove [...] and restore blood [...] levels.
A: increase; CO2; CO2

Q: The Kidneys Regulate H+ Concentration by:
1. [...] from non-volatile acids;
2. Attempting to reabsorb all the [...] that were filtered out;
3. Creating new [...] to be absorbed in circulation.
A: Excreting H+; bicarbonate ions; bicarbonate

If the amount of H+ excreted in urine > bicarbonate reabsorbed = net loss of acid = pH increases (more basic).
If amount of H+ < bicarbonate in urine = net loss of base = pH decreases.

Q: The reabsorption of HCO3- helps [...] the blood.
A: buffer

Q: H+ Ions are Secreted Into Filtrate by:
1. [...]; &
2. [...].
A: Na+/H+ Exchanger; H+-ATP Pump

Q: [...] of biocarbonate filtered is reabsorbed.
A: 90%

Q: For every bicarbonate ion reabsorbed, 1 H+ is [...].
A: secreted

Q: With the ATP powered hydrogen pump: when a single H+ is secreted, a new [...] is absorbed into circulation.
A: bicarbonate ion

Q: Bicarbonate ions cannot be directly [...] by tubule cells, they must be converted into [...] first.
A: reabsorbed; CO2

Types of Acidosis and Alkalosis:
Acidosis:
1. Respiratory Acidosis - caused by decreased ventilation and increased PCO2.
2. Metabolic Acidosis - caused by decrease in extracellular bicarbonate ions.
Alkalosis:
1. Respiratory Alkalosis - caused by increase in ventilation and decrease in PCO2.
2. Metabolic Alkalosis -Buildup of bicarbonate or loss of H+ from body.