Title: Physiology 2130 / Module 16: Metabolism

Q: [...] is the chemical changes that occur within a cell to manufacture energy, store energy, or build new cell structures.
A: Metabolism

Q: Types of Metabolism:
1. [...] = the creation of large molecules from small ones, uses ATP.
2.[...] = the breakdown of large molecules into small ones, releases ATP.
A: Anabolism; Catabolism

Q: [...] = 3 Fatty Acid Chains + Glycerol
A: Triglyceride

Q: [...] = long chains of Amino Acids linked together
A: Proteins

Q: [...] = long Chains of Monosaccharides
A: Carbohydrates
Extra: Monosaccharides like glucose.

Q: Glucose is stored inside [...] and [...] cells in the form of glycogen.
A: muscle; liver

Q: Fats are stored inside fatty tissue called [...].
A: adipose tissue

Q: Amino acids (when stored) become [...] or [...] proteins inside muscle cells.
A: structural; functional

Q: [...] is a common fuel source for all the cells in the body, but it's one of the only fuel sources for the brain.
A: Glucose
Extra: This is unlike most other cells in the body which can use fats and amino acids, as well as flucose.
The liver stores glucose for the brain, which cannot store any for when blood glucose levels get low.

Q: The products of glycolysis have 2 options; to enter the [...] or [...].
A: citric acid cycle (CAC); lactic acid cycle (LAC)

Q: Lactic acid fermentation used by body during [...].
A: strenuous exercise

Q: The accumulation of lactic acid causes [...] sensation in the muscle.
A: "burning"

Q: Lactic acid is believed to interfere with the [...] in muscle, causing fatigue.
A: contractile proteins

Accumulation of lactic acid will cause the blood vessels to dilate and the decreasing pH will unload more oxygen from hemoglobin.
These mechanisms will help to increase blood flow and increase oxygen to this working tissue to reduce the buildup of lactic acid.

Q: If oxygen is [...], lactic acid can be converted back to [...].
A: restored; decreasing

Q: The CAC and oxidative phosphorylation are in [...] with one another.
A: conjunction

Q: The [...] is aka the [...]. It is the condition of the body after a meal, when the level of nutrients in the blood is high.
A: Fed State; Absorptive State
Extra: The body's primary goal during this state is to store all this new fuel (amino acids, fats, and glucose) for later use.

Q: The [...] is aka the [...]. This is the period between meals when nutrient levels in the blood are very low.
The body's primary goal during this state is to [...]. To do this, the body will be utilizing its stored nutrients, including fats & glycogen.
A: Fasted State; Post-Absorptive State; maintain blood glucose levels

Q: Excess amino acids are converted to [...].
A: fatty acids

Q: Amino acids from the digestion of proteins are taken up by cells in the body for protein synthesis.
This could include making new [...] or building [...] proteins.
A: protein carriers; muscle

Q: When in the fasted state, the liver will use [...] or [...] to release glucose into the blood.
A: glycogenlysis; gluconeogensis

Gluconeogensis converts glycerol, pyruvate, amino acids and lactate to glucose.

Q: Muscles cannot produce glucose from their stores of glycogen. Instead, the muscle cells produce [...] or [...] from glycolysis and release these molecules into the blood.
A: pyruvate; lactate
Extra: They will then be converted to glucose by the liver for use by the brain.

Q: Metabolism is regulated by pancreatic hormones [...] and [...].
A: insulin; glucagon

Q: [...] can be turned back into glycogen, through [...] and stored for later use.
A: Pyruvate; G-6-P