Title: Physiology 2130 / Module 11: Renal System

Renal System Includes:
1. Kidneys;
2. Ureters;
3. Bladder;
4. Urethra.

Q: Function of the Kidneys:
1. [...];
2. [...];
3. Long term regulation of [...].
A: Water balance; pH of blood; arterial pressure

Q: The kidneys remove [...] substances and recover [...] substances.
A: nonessential; essential

Q: The kidneys do not produce [...] or [...].
A: water; electrolytes
Extra: They only conserve them.

Q: Drugs, food additives and vitamins are excreted in the [...].
A: urine

Q: The kidneys act as an [...] producing hormones.
A: endocrine gland

Hormones the Kidneys Produce:
1. Erythropoietin;
2. Renin;
3. Vitamin D (not a hormone but component of system);
4. Stanniocalcin.

Header: Label the part of the nephron:

How Blood is Supplied to the Kidneys:
Renal Artery -> Interlobar Arteries -> Arcuate Arteries -> Interlobular Arteries -> Nephron

Q: The renal corpuscle includes:
1. [...]
2. [...] - very permeable capillary bed
A: Glomerular Capsule; Glomerulus
Extra: Glomerular Capsule - aka Bowman's Capsule

Blood Supply of the Nephron:
Intertobular Artery -> Afferent Arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent Arteriole ->Peritubular Capillaries -> Interlobular Vein

Q: The glomerulus is where [...] takes place.
A: filtration

Q: [...] is the filtration that occurs in the glomerulus.
A: Glomerular Filtration

Q: Fluid that is filtered from the blood and enters the capsular space is called a [...].
A: filtrate

Q: Functions of the nephron are [...], [...] and [...].
A: filtration; reabsorption; secretion

Q: Glomerular Filtration is Facilitated by:
1. [...] of capillary endothelium;
2. Larger [...] of the affterent arteriole and the [...] diameter of the efferent arteriole.
A: High permeability; diameter; smaller

Q: [...] are wrapped around the capillaries of the glomerulus, they are the lining of Bowman's capsule and filtration can take place here.
A: Podocytes

Q: [...] is the movement of fluid through the glomerular capillary due to hydrostatic pressures.
A: Filtration

Q: The [...] is the solution created by filtration, it is the composed of water and all dissolved solutes in the blood (except for proteins to large to be filtered).
A: filtrate

Q: [...] is the movement of a substance from the lumen of the nephron back into the blood.
A: Reabsorption

Q: [...] is the movement of a substance from the blood into the lumen of the nephron.
A: Secretion

Q: [...] is the removal of a substance from the body (or the kidney in this case).
A: Excretion

Q: Excretion = [...] + [...] - [...]
A: filtration; secretion; reabsorption

Q: [...] is the movement of water and solutes together due to a pressure gradient.
A: Bulk flow

Q: Glomerular Filtration is Affected by:
1. [...] that make up glomerulus; &
2. [...].
A: Permeable Capillaries; Starling Forces

Q: Podocytes have [...] that are formed between pedicles to increases filtration at the glomerulus.
A: filtration slits

Q: Blood Hydrostatic Pressure is [...]mmHg, which causes filtration.
A: 60

Q: Colloidal Osmotic Pressure due to plasma proteins is [...]mmHg, causes reabsorption.
A: -32

Q: Capsular hydrostatic pressure is [...]mmHg, causes reabsorption.
A: -18

Q: [...] is the volume of fluid that is filtered by the glomerulus during a certain time period (ie. 180L/day).
A: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Q: [...] is the amount of substances filtered by the kidneys each day
A: Filter Load
Extra: Filter Load = GFR x Plasma concentration of the substance

Q: [...] and [...] can tell a physician how the kidneys are functioning.
A: GFR; filter load
Extra: ie. no glucose should be in the urine, but expect to find some sodium ions
GFR= Glomerular Filtration Rate

Q: [...] is the amount of solute that is excreted per unit volume of urine (g/L).
A: Urine Concentration

Q: [...] is the g of solute excreted in the urine.
A: Amount of solute excreted

Q: Reabsorption Transport Routes:
1. [...] - substance diffusing between leaky tight junctions of tubular cells.
2. [...] - substance transported across the tubular cell membrane from the lumen into the cell, then into the interstital fluid and into the blood.
A: Paracellular Transport; Transcellular Trasport

Q: Transceullar Transport [...] be regulated by hormones, most cases are [...].
Paracellular Transport [...] hormone regulated.
A: CAN; not; is not

Q: The Na+/K+ pump establishes a concentration gradient that powers other transport mechanisms, this is called [...].
A: secondary active transport

Q: Secondary Active Transporters:
1. [...] - Na+ carries in a single glucose molecule with it into the cell;
2. [...] - moves 1 H+ out of cell for every Na+ that diffuses in.
A: Na+/Glucose Co-Transporter; Na+/H+ Exchanger

Q: The Na+/glucose co-transporter and the Na+/H+ exchanger are on located on the [...] of the tubule cells.
A: luminal side

Q: Secretion is [...] regulated (usually).
A: hormonally

Q: Most substances that are secreted are eventually [...].
A: excreted in the urine

Q: [...] and [...] are secreted substances.
A: H+; K+

Q: Net Filtration Pressure in a healthy person is [...]mmHg.
A: 10

Q: All glucose and amino acids filtered out are reabsorbed in the [...].
A: proximal tube

Q: [...] affects the pancreas' ability to produce the hormone insulin.
A: Diabetes Mellitus

Q: [...] is essential for cells to uptake glucose from the blood after a meal.
A: Insulin

Q: Secondary active transport systems can be [...].
A: saturated

Q: Without insulin, glucose builds up in the blood and Na+/glucose transporters become [...], so glucose will be exreted in the [...].
A: saturated; urine

Q: [...] are special water channels.
A: Aquaporins

Q: [...] reabsorption takes place only AFTER solutes have been reabsorbed.
A: Water

Q: 2 Types of Paracellular Transport:
1. [...] - reabsorption of K+ with movement of water.
2. [...] - down concentration gradient.
A: Solvent Drag; Simple Diffusion

Q: Reabsorption of filtrate back into circulation is due to [...]
A: starling forces
Extra: Net filtration of -10mmHg = 10mmHg back into the capillary.

Q: The same proportion of water and solutes are reabsorbed in the [...].
A: proximal tubule

Q: After reabsorbing solutes, the water concentration leaving the proximal tubule will not have changed. It will still be about [...]mOsm/Kg.
A: 290-300

Q: About [...] of water and [...] of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the loop of henle.
A: 15%; 20%

Q: At the junction between the cortex and the medulla, the concentration of interstital fluid is [...]Osm/kg, but as the nephron descends into the medulla it increased to [...]mOsm/kg water.
A: 300m; 1200
Extra: Important for the reabsorption of water in the loop of henle.

Q: Descending loop of Henle is very permeable to water, but not very to any [...].
A: ion
Extra: = water moving out of filtrate due to this and the large concentration gradient in the interstitium

Q: The ascending limb of Henle is not permeable to [...], but very permeable to ions.
A: water

Q: 25% of all the ions absorbed (K+, Na+ and Cl-) is reabsorbed in the ascending limb, it causes concentration of filtrate to drop to [...]mOsm/kg by the end of the loop.
A: 100
Extra: 100 from 1200

Q: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is aka [...].
A: vasopression

Q: Aldosterone increases the activity of the [...].
A: Na/K+ pump

Q: 10% of water and sodium reabsorbed in the collecting duct, but it is ALWAYS under control of [...].
A: hormones