Title: Physiology 2130 / Module 10: Respiratory System

Function of the Respiratory System:
1. Transport of O2 from air to the blood;
2. Removal of CO2 from blood to the air;
3. Control of blood pH ;
4. Temperature Regulation;
5. Defence to airborne particles.

Q: [...] are the site of gas exhange in the lungs.
A: Alveoli

Q: Types of Cells in Alveoli:
1. [...] (Type I Cells) make up alveoli walls;
2. [...] secrete surfactant.
A: Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Type II Cells

Q: [...] is the region between the alveolar space and capillary lumen.
A: Respiratory Membrane

Q: [...] and [...] protect the body from airborne particles.
A: Lymphocytes; macrophages

Q: [...] and [...] fibers are in the walls of the alveoli, around the blood vessels and bronchi.
A: Elastin; collagen

Q: Pleural Membranes
[...] sticks to the ribs.
[...] surrounds and sticks to the lungs.
A: Parietal Pleura; Visceral Pleura

Q: [...] reduces friction between the pleural membranes during breathing.
A: Pleural Fluid

Q: Pressure inside the lungs is [...].
A: Alveolar Pressure
Extra: aka Intrapulmonary Pressure

Q: Atmospheric Pressure is [...]mmHG.
A: 760

Q: [...] = the pressure in the intrapleural space, it is [...]mmHg.
A: Intrapleural Pressure; 756

Q: [...] = Alveolar Pressure - Intrapleural Pressure.
A: Transpulomary Pressure
Extra: Important because this holds the lungs open.

Q: [...] is the collapsing of the lungs.
A: Pneumothorax

Q: Boyle's law states that volume and pressure have an [...] relationship.
A: inversely proportional
Extra: As volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa.

For inspiration : high pressure outside of lungs and low pressure inside of lungs.
For expiration: low pressure outside of lungs and high pressure inside of lungs.

Q: [...] is the stretchability of the lungs.
A: Pulmonary Compliance
Extra: Determines the ease of breathing.

Q: [...] causes a decrease in compliance, due to the constant inhalation of small, fine particles that deposit inelastic collagen and forms scar tissue.
A: Pulmonary Fibrosis

Q: [...] and [...] causes increased compliance.
A: Normal Aging; Pulmonary Emphysema

Q: [...] is a chronic condition produced by smoking, which destroys the elastin fibers in the lungs.
A: Pumlonary Emphysema
Extra: The presence of these fibers decreases compliance.

Q: 2 Major Factors that Effect Compliance:
1. Amount of [...] in the walls of alveoli, bronchi and blood vessels;
2. [...] of liquid film on alveoli.
A: elastin; Surface tension

Q: More elastin = [...] compliant lungs.
A: less

Q: [...] collapses the alveoli = decreased compliance.
A: Surface Tension

Q: Pulmonary Surfactant [...] surface tension = [...] compliance
A: reduces; increases

Q: [...] occurs when premature babies do not produce enough surfactant = collapse of their alveoli.
A: Infant Respiratory Distress syndrome

Q: [...] measure lung volumes and capacities.
A: Spirometers
Extra: They're also useful in helping diagnose pulmonary diseases like asthma, bronchitis, & emphysema.

4 Lung Volumes:
1. Tidal Volume - volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during one breath at rest 500mL;
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume - Maximum amount of air that can enter the lungs in addition to the tidal volume 2500mL;
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume - Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume 1000mL;
4. Residual Volume -  Remaining air in lungs after maximal expiration 1200mL.
Extra: MEASURED

4 Lung Capacities:
1. Inspiratory Capacity - maximum amount of air inhaled after exhaling the tidal volume;
2. Functional Residual Capacity - amount of air still in lungs after exhalation the tidal volume;
3. Vital Capacity - max amount of air that an be exhaled after a maximal inhalation;
4. Total Lung Capacity - maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.
Extra: CALCULATED

Q: [...] = amount of air that enters all of the conducting and respiratory zones in one minute.
A: Pulmonary Ventilation
Extra: Tells us how much air (hence O2) is avaliable to the body.

Q: At rest, pulmonary ventilation is [...]mL/min.
A: 7500

Q: [...] = volume of air enters only the respiratory zone each minute.
A: Alveolar Ventilation

Oxygen will move from the alveolar space to the blood stream.
CO2 will move from the blood stream to the alveolar space.

Q: Oxygen is transported on RBC's attached to [...].
A: hemoglobin

Q: [...] is a hormone that regulates the production of RBCs.
A: Erythropoietin
Extra: RBCs = Erythrocytes = Red Blood Cells.

Q: [...] can be used for blood doping, to increase RBC count.
A: EPO
Extra: EPO = Erythroproietin

Q: The [...] shows the unloading of O2 from hemoglobin at different PO2s.
A: oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Q: [...] and [...] effect the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
A: Temperature; acidity

Q: CO2 Transport in the Blood by:
1. Dissolved and carried in the [...];
2. Carried by [...];
3. Attached to proteins in the blood, forming [...].
A: plasma; HCO3- (biocarbonate ion); carbamino compounds

Q: Spontaneous respiration originates in the [...].
A: medulla oblongata

Q: The voluntary center is located in the [...].
A: cerebral cortex

Q: Quiet exhalation is a [...] process.
A: passive

Q: The medulla oblongata has an [...] area and a [...] area.
A: inspiratory; expiratory

Q: The [...] regulates the concentrations of gas in the blood, and can modify the spontaneous signals in the medulla.
A: pons

Q: Areas of the Pons:
1. [...] - regulates rate of breathing;
2. [...] - controls the depth of inhalation and exhalation.
A: Pneumotaxic Area; Apneustic Area
Extra: These areas work together to make sure breathing is coordinated and smooth.

Q: The site of voluntary ventilation is the [...].
A: cerebral cortex

Q: The regulation of respiration is [...].
A: negative feedback

Q: Not enough [...] in the blood = vasoconstriction = decreased blood flow = passing out.
A: CO2

Q: [...] detect the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide or H+ ions in the blood.
A: Chemoreceptors

Q: Types of Chemoreceptors:
1. [...] - aortic and carotid arch, sensitive to O2 concentration and slightly to CO2.
2. [...] - in the medulla of the brain stem, sensitive to H+ ions in interstital space.
A: Peripheral Group; Central Group

Q: [...] will cross the blood brain barrier, react with H2O, and produce bicarbonate and H+ ions.
A: CO2