Title: Webstraw: Cell Bio Anki Deck / Section 2 - Microscopy

Q: [...] is the inventor of the microscope that had a magnification of up to [...]
A: Anton van Leeuwenhoek; 200x

Q: the first microscope had an [...] lens
A: objective

Q: [...] is the ability to distinguish 2 things aas separate. The [...] the better
A: resolution; smaller the resolution

Q: brightfield (compound) microscope has a light source and 3 lenses ([...], [...], [...])
A: condenser lens; objectives lens; ocular lens

Q: [...] lens focuses light on the specimen
A: condenser

Q: [...] lens collects light after it has passed through th especimen
A: objective

Q: [...] lens focuses image onto the eye
A: ocular

Q: compound microscopes can only viewstructures with a high [...] (ability to bend light)
A: refractive index

Q: resolution (D) = [...]λ / Nsinα
A: 0.61

Q: [...] improves resolution by increasing N (refractive index)
A: oil

Q: Nsinα is the [...]; higher Nsinα means more light is absorbed and higher resolution
A: numerical aperture

Q: α is the [...] angle of light entering the objective lens
A: 1/2

Q: [...] microscopy has a light source, phase plate, 2 lenses (objective, condenser), and [...] diaphgram
A: phase contrast; annular

Q: phase contrast microscopy has increased [...] allowing for higher [...]
A: phase shift; contrast

Q: phase contrast microscopy is used to examine [...], [...] cells
A: live; unstained

Q: increased phase shift occurs from the objective lens and [...]
A: phase plate

Q: [...] contrast (Normarski) microscopy uses [...] light and gives a 3D feel to the cell
A: differential interference; polarized

Q: polarized light is wavelengths on the [...]
A: same plane

Q: [...] microscopy uses [...] that absorb light at one wavelength and emits a longer wavelenghth to visualize structures
A: fluorescence; fluorochromes

Q: in fluorescence microscopy - blue = [...], red = [...], green = [...]
A: nuclei; mitochondria; tubulin

Q: fluorescence is caused by the [...] of the electron causing it to drop to its [...] state and releasing energy as light
A: instability; ground

Q: [...]: the emission wavelength is always longer than the absorbed wavelength
A: Stokes' shift

Q: [...] only allows the wavelength that
will excite fluorochromes labelled on specimen through
A: excitation filter

Q: [...] reflects the exitation light through the objective lens onto the specimen and allows longer wavelength emitted to pass through onto projector lens
A: dichronic mirror

Q: [...] stains the nuclei blue, [...] stains mitochondria red, [...] stains actin filaments red
A: DAPI; mitotracker; rhodamine phalloidin

Q: [...] microscopy uses primary [...] incubated onto the sample to attach an fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody which is observed
A: immunofluorescence; antibodies

Q: antibodies used in microscopy are sourced from [...] cells
A: mouse spleen

Q: [...] (GFP) is derived from jellyfish protein that contains chromophore
A: Green fluorescent protein

Q: GFP allows for fluorescent imaging in [...] cells
A: living

Q: confocal fluorescence microscopy obtains images from a specific [...]
A: focal plane

Q: [...] in confocal microscopes permit the illumination and detection of emitted light from a focal plane
A: pinholes

Q: [...] microscopy uses a point spread fucntion to mathematically remove fluoresence by out-of-focus parts of [...]
A: deconvolution; z-stack

Q: [...] microscopy allows imaging into deep tissues
A: two-photon excitation

Q: two-photon excitation microscopy uses 2 photons at half the energy (double the wavelength) to prevent [...] and damage to the sample
A: photobleaching

Q: [...] uses 2 fluorescent proteins to determine whether they interact or not
A: Fluoresence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

Q: FRET can be used to observe [...] cells
A: live

Q: electron microscopy provides better [...] than fluorescence microscopy
A: resolution

Q: electron microscopy observes [...] cells
A: dead, fixed

Q: [...] is the electron source in electron microscopy
A: wire filament

Q: magnetic [...] focuses electrons onto the specimen
A: condenser

Q: specimens are stained with [...] in electron microscopy
A: heavy metals

Q: [...] forms images from the electrons that pass through the specimen
A: transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Q: [...] forms images from electrons scattered onto the surface of a metal-coated specimen
A: scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Q: [...] looks at the outer surface of the sample
A: SEM