Title: Webstraw: Cell Bio Anki Deck / Section 5 - Vesicular Traffic: Golgi Complex

Q: Golgi complex are made of individually stacked [...] with no [...]
A: cisterna; ribosomes

Q: the [...] pathway sees vesicles bud off the ER and travel to the [...]-Golgi to go to membrane or lysosome
A: secretory; cis

Q: [...] proteins help promote coat protein binding
A: GTP-binding

Q: transport vesicles [...] off ER and fuses into Golgi
A: buds

Q: budding relies on [...] proteins
A: coat

Q: [...]-SNARE in vesicle associates with [...]-SNARE on Golgi membrane
A: v; t

Q: [...] vesicle can go to lysosome or back to rough ER
A: endocytic

Q: vesicle movement from Golgi complex to rough ER is [...] transport
A: retrograde

Q: vesicle movement from rough ER to Golgi complex is [...] transport
A: anterograde

Q: [...] vesicles are responsible for retrograde transport
A: COPI

Q: [...] vesicles are responsible for anterograde transport
A: COPII

Q: [...] vesicles travel from Golgi complex to plasma membrane or endosomes
A: clathrin

Q: main function of Golgi complex is processing and [...] of proteins which can later be [...]
A: sorting; secreted

Q: there are 3 types of cisterna - [...], [...], [...]
A: cis; medial; trans

Q: cis-Golgi faces [...] and trans-Golgi faces the [...]
A: rough ER; plasma membrane

Q: [...] proteins promote association of COPII coat proteins and [...] of GTP triggers disassembly of COPII coat
A: GTP-binding; hydrolysis

Q: cargo membrane proteins can use DXE ([...]) sorting signal to recruit COPII proteins
A: Asp-X-Glu

Q: coat proteins must disassemble for the fusion of [...] proteins
A: SNARE

Q: cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by the inability of [...] proteins to undergo [...] transport
A: CFTR; anterograde

Q: cystic fibrosis causes mucus formation in the [...]
A: lungs

Q: COPI vesicles undergoing retrograde transport carry missorted [...] proteins
A: ER-resident

Q: [...] and [...] are ER-resident proteins
A: BiP; lectins

Q: ER-resident proteins have a [...] sequence (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) which bind to [...] receptor
A: KDEL; KKXX

Q: the type of [...] enzymes differ Golgi sub-compartments
A: sugar-modifying

glycosylatransferases are enzymes that adds sugars
glycosidases are enzymes that removes sugars

trans-Golgi network acts as a sorting station
1. COPI vesicles - retrograde transport
2. AP coated vesicles - goes to lysosomes directly
3. clathrin coated vesicles - goes to late endosome and then into lysosome
4. secretory vesicles - goes to membrane

Q: [...] acts as a signal to transport soluable proteins to the lysosome
A: mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)

Q: M6P is added to nascent polypeptide in the [...]
A: cis-Golgi

Q: [...] addes phosphodiester on mannose and phosphodiesterase cleaves off [...] to leave phosphorylated mannose on enzyme
A: GlcNAc phosphotransferase; GlcNAc

Q: M6P binds to its receptor at [...] pH
A: neutral

Q: binding of M6P to its receptor recruits [...] and clathrin skeleton
A: AP complex

Q: AP/clathrin skeleton is released to fuse with [...]
A: late endosome

Q: late endosome has [...] which causes M6P to detach from receptor to be recycled
A: lower pH

Q: late endosome fuses with [...] and delivers [...] enzyme
A: lysosome; lyososomal

Q: [...] is caused by absence of [...] leading to lysosomal enzymes to be secreted rather than sorted to lysosomes
A: I-cell disease; GlcNAc phosphotransferase

Q: [...] - engulfing large substances
A: phagocytosis

Q: [...] - intaking small amounts of liquid
A: pinocytosis

Q: [...] endocytosis - method of selective internalization of specific ligands
A: receptor-mediated

Q: [...] are water-[...] complexes that transports lipids
A: lipoproteins; soluable

Q: Low-density lipoproptein (LDL) transports [...]
A: cholesterol

Q: [...] are proteins that wrap around LDL to guide LDL to cells
A: apolipoprotein B

Q: [...] shows that LDL receptors are located on the [...] and clathrin helps internalize the ligands
A: electron micrscopy; plasma membrane

Q: LDL binding to receptor causes recruitment of [...] to form pits
A: AP proteins and clathrin

Q: [...] uses GTP to pinch off vesicles
A: dynamin

Q: LDL receptor has 3 domains
1. N-terminal [...] protein
2. C-terminal domain with [...] sorting signal
3. [...] domain
A: transmembrane; NPXY; Beta-propeller

Q: beta-propeller domain have [...] residues
A: histidine

Q: at [...] pH = ligand-binding arm (N-terminal domain) binds to apolipoprotein B
A: normal

Q: at [...] pH in endosome - histidine in beta-propeller domain becomes protonated and binds to ligand-binding arm
A: low

Q: [...] proton pumps transports H+ inside the cell using [...]
A: v-class; ATP

Q: Cl- channels on [...] and [...] membranes pump cholride ions in
A: lysosomal; endosomal

Q: LDL has to be [...] to avoid high blood cholesterol
A: internalized

Q: familial [...] is a mutation in LDL receptor which causes cholesterol buildup
A: hypercholesterolemia

Q: [...] is a buildup of cholesterol in elbows
A: xanothoma

LDL internalization pathway
1. LDL receptors bind ApoB at neutral pH and recruits AP and clathrin
2. budding occurs using dynamin and GTP
3. vesicle coat is shed and early endosome fuses with late endosome
4. acidic pH of endosome induces dissociation of LDL from its receptor
5. late endosome fuses with lysosome and LDL is broken down
6. LDL receptors are recycled

Q: transferrin cycle transports [...] into system
A: iron

transferrin pathway
1. ferrotransferrin binds to transferrin receptor
2. receptor recruits AP2 and clathrin to form pit
3. dynamin and GTP pinches vesicle
4. co-proteins removed to form early endosome and fuses into late endosome
5. low pH causes iron to be released from transferrin
6. resulting apotransferrin is recycled to cell surface at neutral pH

Q: [...] is the process of cells 'eating' itself by degradation in the [...]
A: autophagy; lysosome

Q: autophagy targets [...] proteins and damaged [...]
A: misfolded; mitochondrion

Q: autophagic cells are enclosed in a double membrane vesicle called [...] that fuses with the lysosome
A: autophagosome

Q: autophagosome are guided by [...] proteins into the lysosome
A: Atg

Q: [...] brings lipids to misfolded proteins and [...] forms autophagosome
A: Atg8; Atg5

Q: content is degraded by [...] in lysosome
A: hydrolases

Q: loss of [...] results to progressive neurodegeneration
A: Atg8

Q: KDEL receptors are pH sensitive - binds KDEL to KKXX at [...] pH and releases proteins from KDEL at [...] pH
A: high; low

Q: LDL are amphipathic - inner apolar [...] core and outer [...] phospholipid bilayer
A: (hydrophobic); hydrophilic

Q: AP1 proteins transports ligands to [...] and AP2 proteins transports ligands to [...]
A: trans-Golgi network; plasma membrane

Q: overexpression of [...] and [...] in flies and mice extends lifespan
A: Atg8; Atg5