Title: Webstraw: Cell Bio Anki Deck / Section 12 - Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

Q: receptor tyrosine kinases are [...] alpha helix
A: transmembrane

Q: receptor tyrosine kinase structure
1. extracellular domain - binds [...]
2. cytoplasmic domain - intrinsic [...]
3. adapter proteins - recruits [...] to act as GTPase
A: ligand; tyrosine kinase; Ras

Q: RTK undergo [...] when ligands bind
A: dimerization

Q: dimerization allows from trans-[...] of cytoplasmic domain
A: autophosphorylation

Q: phosphorylation of tyrosines in RTKs acts as docking site for downstream proteins with [...]_ domains
A: SH_2

Q: discovery of first oncogene was based off a virus found within tyorsine kinase in [...] tumor
A: chicken

Q: [...]-Src is normal tryosine and can be inhibited by phosphorylation by Csk
[...]-Src is mutant that is missing tryosine and kinase is always on
A: c; v

Q: Ras is a monomeric GTPase
1. active with GTP - activated by [...]
2. inactive with GDP - inactivated by [...]
A: GEF; GAP

Q: Ras is [...] of tyrosine kinase
A: downstream

Q: 20-30% of cancers are caused by inability of [...] to inactivate Ras
A: GAP

FGF induced Ras activation
1. FGF binds to FGF receptor to cause dimerization
2. autophosphorylation sets up docking scaffold for GRB adapter with SH_2 and SH_3
3. GRB's SH_2 binds to phosphotyrosine
4. GRB's SH_3 binds to proline in Sos
5. Sos binds to Ras to activate with GTP
6. active Ras dissociates from Sos and triggers downstream cascade
7. Ras activates Raf
8. Raf dissocaites and activates MEK to activate MAPK
9. MAPK controls cell cycle, cell growth, cell differentiation

Q: mutation in Her2 receptor causes dimerization and activation of receptor without [...]
A: ligand

Q: deletion of Her2 [...] domain leads to consitutive activation
A: extracellular

Q: [...] expression is heightened in breat cancer patients
A: Her2

Q: Her2 are targeted by [...] antibody
A: Herceptin

Q: herceptin blocks cleavage of extracellular domain of HER2 and promotes [...] of HER2
A: endocytosis

Q: [...] is programmed cell death
A: apoptosis

Q: apoptosis is different from [...] which causes inflammation
A: necrosis

Q: steps of apoptosis
1. [...] compact and cells shrink
2. breakup of nuclear envelope
3. [...]
A: chromatin; phagocytosis

Q: [...] and [...] in C. elegans promote apoptosis and mutation blcoks apoptosis
A: ced-3; ced-4

Q: [...] in C. elegans supresses apoptosis - mutation causes all 1090 cells to die
A: ced-9

Q: caspases are enzymes in apoptosis pathway
1. initiator caspases - cleaves inactive [...] to activate them
2. effector caspases - cleaves protein to trigger [...]
A: effector caspases; apoptosis

Q: Apaf-1 binds cytochrome C to recruit [...] that activates initiatory caspase
A: Caspase 9

Q: Bcl-2 proteins are pro-[...]
Bax and Bac are pro-[...] proteins
A: survival; apoptotic

Q: Bad protein promotes apoptosis if not [...] - inhibits Bcl-2 which normally inhibit Bak/Bax
A: phosphorylated

Q: [...] promotes apoptosis - activates Caspase 8 which inhibits Bcl-2 directly and also cleaves BID to turn into t-BID to inhibit Bcl-2
A: TNFa and Fas